imagico.de

POV-Ray 3.6 Insert Menu

Here you can find the content of the Insert Menu from the Windows/Mac version of POV-Ray 3.6 put together in one HTML page.

This page is built from the data basis of official POV-Ray 3.6 on Oct 07 2005.

POV-Ray 3.6 can be obtained at the POV-Ray website

If you have problems using these files or find errors you can contact me.

Scene templates

Basic scene

Orthographic scene

Radiosity scene

Photons scene

Checkered floor

Image Map

Text Fonts

Headers

Scene File Header

Standard includes

Additional includes

Include files

Statements

Expressions

Misc. Directives

Animation

clock

additional animation variables

Colors

Special effects

Cameras

Light sources

Shapes

Shapes (shorter versions)

box

cone

cylinder

disc

plane

sphere

superellipsoid

torus

Shape modifiers

bounded_by

clipped_by

double_illuminate

hollow

no_image

no_reflection

no_shadow

open

sturm

CSG operations

cutaway_textures

difference

intersection

inverse

merge

union

Material

interior

material

media

Textures

Patterns 1 (a-m)

Patterns 2 (n-z)

Pattern-Texture attributes

waveform attribute

frequency attribute

phase attribute

turbulence attribute

turbulence warp

black_hole warp

repeat warp

mapping warps

noise_generator

Transformations

matrix

rotate

scale

transform

translate

Scene templates:

// Persistence of Vision Ray Tracer Scene Description File
// File: ?.pov
// Vers: 3.5
// Desc: Basic Scene Example
// Date: mm/dd/yy
// Auth: ?
//

#version 3.5;

#include colors.inc

global_settings {
  assumed_gamma 1.0
}

// ----------------------------------------

camera {
  location  <0.0, 0.5, -4.0>
  direction 1.5*z
  right     x*image_width/image_height
  look_at   <0.0, 0.0,  0.0>
}

sky_sphere {
  pigment {
    gradient y
    color_map {
      [0.0 rgb <0.6,0.7,1.0>]
      [0.7 rgb <0.0,0.1,0.8>]
    }
  }
}

light_source {
  <0, 0, 0>            // light's position (translated below)
  color rgb <1, 1, 1>  // light's color
  translate <-30, 30, -30>
}

// ----------------------------------------

plane {
  y, -1
  pigment { color rgb <0.7,0.5,0.3> }
}

sphere {
  0.0, 1
  texture {
    pigment {
      radial
      frequency 8
      color_map {
        [0.00 color rgb <1.0,0.4,0.2> ]
        [0.33 color rgb <0.2,0.4,1.0> ]
        [0.66 color rgb <0.4,1.0,0.2> ]
        [1.00 color rgb <1.0,0.4,0.2> ]
      }
    }
    finish{
      specular 0.6
    }
  }
}

// Persistence of Vision Ray Tracer Scene Description File
// File: ?.pov
// Vers: 3.5
// Desc: Orthographic Scene Example
//       useful for generating image_maps, heightfields, etc.
// Date: mm/dd/yy
// Auth: ?
//

#version 3.5;

global_settings {
  assumed_gamma 1.0
}

// ----------------------------------------

camera {
  orthographic
  location <0,0,1>     // position & direction of view
  look_at  <0,0,0>
  right 1*x            // horizontal size of view  \___ to be rendered at square size
  up 1*y               // vertical size of view    /
}

// ----------------------------------------

box {                  // this box fits exactly in view
  <-0.5, -0.5, 0>, <0.5, 0.5, 0>
  texture {
    pigment {
      agate
      color_map {
        [0.0 color rgb 0.0 ]
        [1.0 color rgb 1.0 ]
      }
    }
    finish {
      ambient 1.0
      diffuse 0.0
    }
  }
}

// Persistence of Vision Ray Tracer Scene Description File
// File: ?.pov
// Vers: 3.5
// Desc: Radiosity Scene Template
// Date: mm/dd/yy
// Auth: ?
//

#version 3.5;

#declare Radiosity=on;

global_settings {
  assumed_gamma 1.0
  //max_trace_level 25
  #if (Radiosity)
    radiosity {
      pretrace_start 0.08           // start pretrace at this size
      pretrace_end   0.04           // end pretrace at this size
      count 35                      // higher -> higher quality (1..1600) [35]
      nearest_count 5               // higher -> higher quality (1..10) [5]
      error_bound 1.8               // higher -> smoother, less accurate [1.8]
      recursion_limit 3             // how much interreflections are calculated (1..5+) [3]
      low_error_factor .5           // reduce error_bound during last pretrace step
      gray_threshold 0.0            // increase for weakening colors (0..1) [0]
      minimum_reuse 0.015           // reuse of old radiosity samples [0.015]
      brightness 1                  // brightness of radiosity effects (0..1) [1]

      adc_bailout 0.01/2
      //normal on                   // take surface normals into account [off]
      //media on                    // take media into account [off]
      //save_file file_name       // save radiosity data
      //load_file file_name       // load saved radiosity data
      //always_sample off           // turn sampling in final trace off [on]
      //max_sample 1.0              // maximum brightness of samples
    }
  #end
}

#default {
  texture {
    pigment {rgb 1}
    #if (Radiosity)
      finish {
        ambient 0.0
        diffuse 0.6
        specular 0.3
      }
    #else
      finish {
        ambient 0.1
        diffuse 0.6
        specular 0.3
      }
    #end
  }
}

// ----------------------------------------

camera {
  right x*image_width/image_height
  location  <0,1.5,-4>
  look_at   <0,1,0>
}

light_source {
  <500,500,-500>       // light's position
  color rgb <1, 1, 1>  // light's color
}

sky_sphere {
  pigment {
    gradient y
    color_map {
      [0.0 rgb <0.6,0.7,1.0>]
      [0.7 rgb <0.0,0.1,0.8>]
    }
  }
}

// ----------------------------------------

plane {
  y, 0
  texture {
    pigment {
      checker
      color rgb <1.0, 0.8, 0.6>
      color rgb <1.0, 0.0, 0.0>
      scale 0.5
    }
  }
}

sphere {
  <0,1,0>, 1
}

// Persistence of Vision Ray Tracer Scene Description File
// File: ?.pov
// Vers: 3.5
// Desc: Photon Scene Template
// Date: mm/dd/yy
// Auth: ?
//

#version 3.5;

#declare Photons=on;

global_settings {
  assumed_gamma 1.0
  max_trace_level 5
  #if (Photons)          // global photon block
    photons {
      spacing 0.02                 // specify the density of photons
      //count 100000               // alternatively use a total number of photons

      //gather min, max            // amount of photons gathered during render [20, 100]
      //media max_steps [,factor]  // media photons
      //jitter 1.0                 // jitter phor photon rays
      //max_trace_level 5          // optional separate max_trace_level
      //adc_bailout 1/255          // see global adc_bailout
      //save_file filename       // save photons to file
      //load_file filename       // load photons from file
      //autostop 0                 // photon autostop option
      //radius 10                  // manually specified search radius
      // (---Adaptive Search Radius---)
      //steps 1
      //expand_thresholds 0.2, 40
    }

  #end
}

// ----------------------------------------

camera {
  right x*image_width/image_height
  location  <0,1.6,-5>
  look_at   <0,0.75,0>
}

light_source {
  <500,500,150>       // light's position
  color rgb 1.3       // light's color
  photons {           // photon block for a light source
    refraction on
    reflection on
  }
}

sky_sphere {
  pigment {
    gradient y
    color_map {
      [0.0 rgb <0.6,0.7,1.0>]
      [0.7 rgb <0.0,0.1,0.8>]
    }
  }
}

// ----------------------------------------

plane {
  y, 0
  texture {
    pigment { color rgb <1.0, 0.8, 0.6> }
  }
}

#declare M_Glass=    // Glass material
material {
  texture {
    pigment {rgbt 1}
    finish {
      ambient 0.0
      diffuse 0.05
      specular 0.6
      roughness 0.005
      reflection {
        0.1, 1.0
        fresnel on
      }
      conserve_energy
    }
  }
  interior {
    ior 1.5
    fade_power 1001
    fade_distance 0.9
    fade_color <0.5,0.8,0.6>
  }
}

sphere {
  <0,1,0>, 1
  translate <1.0,0,-1.3>
  material { M_Glass }

  photons {  // photon block for an object
    target 1.0
    refraction on
    reflection on
  }
}

cylinder {
  <0,0.01,0>, <0,2.5,0>, 1
  translate <-1.2,0,0.8>
  material { M_Glass }

  photons {  // photon block for an object
    target 1.0
    refraction on
    reflection on
  }
}

// Persistence of Vision Ray Tracer Scene Description File
// File: ?.pov
// Vers: 3.5
// Desc: Checkered Floor Example
// Date: mm/dd/yy
// Auth: ?
//

#version 3.5;

#include colors.inc

global_settings {
  assumed_gamma 1.0
  max_trace_level 5
}

// ----------------------------------------

camera {
  location  <0.0, 0.5, -4.0>
  direction 1.5*z
  right     x*image_width/image_height
  look_at   <0.0, 0.0,  0.0>
}

sky_sphere {
  pigment {
    gradient y
    color_map {
      [0.0 rgb <0.6,0.7,1.0>]
      [0.7 rgb <0.0,0.1,0.8>]
    }
  }
}

light_source {
  <0, 0, 0>            // light's position (translated below)
  color rgb <1, 1, 1>  // light's color
  translate <-30, 30, -30>
}

// ----------------------------------------

plane {               // checkered floor
  y, -1
  texture
  {
    pigment {
      checker
      color rgb 1
      color blue 1
      scale 0.5
    }
    finish{
      diffuse 0.8
      ambient 0.1
    }
  }
}

sphere {              // reflective sphere
  0.0, 1
  texture {
    pigment {
      color rgb <0.8,0.8,1.0>
    }
    finish{
      diffuse 0.3
      ambient 0.0
      specular 0.6
      reflection {
        0.8
        metallic
      }
      conserve_energy
    }
  }
}

// Persistence of Vision Ray Tracer Scene Description File
// File: ?.pov
// Vers: 3.5
// Desc: Image Map Example
// Date: mm/dd/yy
// Auth: ?
//

#version 3.5;

#include colors.inc

global_settings {
  assumed_gamma 1.0
}

// ----------------------------------------

camera {
  location  <0.0, 0.0, -4.0>
  direction 2*z
  right     x*image_width/image_height
  look_at   <0.0, 0.0,  0.0>
}

sky_sphere {
  pigment {
    gradient y
    color_map {
      [0.0 color blue 0.6]
      [1.0 color rgb 1]
    }
  }
}

light_source {
  <0, 0, 0>            // light's position (translated below)
  color rgb <1, 1, 1>  // light's color
  translate <-30, 30, -30>
}

// ----------------------------------------

plane {
  y, -1
  texture {
    pigment { checker color rgb 1 color blue 1 scale 0.5 }
    finish { reflection 0.2 }
  }
}

plane {
  z, -1
  texture {
    pigment {
      image_map {
        png test.png
        interpolate 2 // smooth it
        once   // don't tile image, just one copy
        filter 0 0.8  // make 1st color mostly transparent
        filter 1 0.8  // make 2nd color mostly transparent
      }
      // transform it to unit-size (-1 to +1)
      translate -0.5*(x+y) // center on the origin
      scale 2              // make it unit-sized
    }
    finish { ambient 0.3 }
  }
}

// Persistence of Vision Ray Tracer Scene Description File
// File: ?.pov
// Vers: 3.5
// Desc: Basic TTF font Example
// Date: mm/dd/yy
// Auth: ?
//

#version 3.5;

global_settings {
  assumed_gamma 1.0
}

// ----------------------------------------

camera {
  location  <0.0, 2.0, -6.0>
  direction 1.5*z
  right     4/3*x
  look_at   <0.0, 0.0,  0.0>
}

sky_sphere {
  pigment {
    gradient y
    color_map {
      [0.0 color blue 0.6]
      [1.0 color rgb 1]
    }
  }
}

light_source {
  <0, 0, 0>            // light's position (translated below)
  color rgb <1, 1, 1>  // light's color
  translate <-30, 30, -30>
}

// ----------------------------------------

#declare Text_Tex = texture {
  pigment { granite scale 0.5 }
  finish { specular 0.7 }
}

text {
  ttf crystal.ttf, Hello,
  2, // depth
  0  // spacing
  texture { Text_Tex }
  rotate <0, -20, 0>
  translate <-1, 0, -3>
}

text {
  ttf crystal.ttf, Virtual World!,
  1, // depth
  0  // spacing
  scale <1, 2, 1> // stretch it taller
  texture { Text_Tex }
  rotate <0, -30, 0>
  translate <-3, 0, 3>
}

plane { y, 0 pigment { color rgb <0.7,0.5,0.3> } }

Headers:

// Persistence of Vision Ray Tracer Scene Description File
// File: .pov
// Vers: 3.5
// Desc:
// Date:
// Auth:

// ==== Standard POV-Ray Includes ====
#include colors.inc   // Standard Color definitions
#include textures.inc   // Standard Texture definitions
#include functions.inc  // internal functions usable in user defined functions

// ==== Additional Includes ====
// Don't have all of the following included at once, it'll cost memory and time
// to parse!
// --- general include files ---
#include arrays.inc     // macros for manipulating arrays
#include chars.inc      // A complete library of character objects, by Ken Maeno
#include consts.inc     // Various constants and alias definitions
#include debug.inc      // contains various macros for debugging scene files
#include logo.inc       // The official POV-Ray Logo in various forms
#include math.inc       // general math functions and macros
#include rad_def.inc    // Some common radiosity settings
#include rand.inc       // macros for generating random numbers
#include shapes.inc     // macros for generating various shapes
#include shapes2.inc    // some not built in basic shapes
#include shapesq.inc    // Pre-defined quartic shapes
#include skies.inc      // Ready defined sky spheres
#include stars.inc      // Some star fields
#include strings.inc    // macros for generating and manipulating text strings
#include sunpos.inc     // macro for sun position on a given date, time, and location on earth
#include transforms.inc // transformation macros

// --- textures ---
#include finish.inc     // Some basic finishes
#include glass.inc      // Glass textures/interiors
#include golds.inc      // Gold textures
#include metals.inc     // Metallic pigments, finishes, and textures
#include stones.inc     // Binding include-file for STONES1 and STONES2
#include stones1.inc    // Great stone-textures created by Mike Miller
#include stones2.inc    // More, done by Dan Farmer and Paul Novak
#include woodmaps.inc   // Basic wooden colormaps
#include woods.inc      // Great wooden textures created by Dan Farmer and Paul Novak

Include files:

// array manipulation macros
//
#include arrays.inc

// Standard pre-defined colors
//
#include colors.inc

// various numerical constants
//
#include consts.inc

// some standard finishes
#include finish.inc

  finish {
    Dull               // large, soft highlight
    //Shiny            // small, tight highlight

    //Phong_Dull       // less realistic but sometimes useful phong highlight
    //Phong_Shiny      // same in shiny

    //Glossy           // very tight highlights and some reflection
    //Phong_Glossy     // phong version of the same

    //Luminous         // totally ambient not influenced by light sources (for example sky)
    //Mirror           // perfect mirror without highlights
  }

// internal functions usable in user defined functions
// for example for isosurfaces and function pattern
#include functions.inc

// various glass finishes, colors and interiors
//
#include glass.inc

// general math functions and macros
//
#include math.inc

// several different gold colors, finishes and textures
#include golds.inc

// various metal colors, finishes and textures
// brass, copper, chrome, silver
#include metals.inc

// random number generation macros
//
#include rand.inc

// macros for generating various shapes
//
#include shapes.inc

// some not built in basic shapes
//
#include shapes2.inc

object {
  Tetrahedron         // CSG-able tetrahedron shape
  //Octahedron        // CSG-able octahedron shape
  //Dodecahedron      // CSG-able dodecahedron shape
  //Icosahedron       // CSG-able icosahedron shape
  //Hexagon           // Hexagon extending along x-axis
  //Rhomboid          // 4-Sided Diamond
  //Pyramid           // non-CSG four-sided pyramid
  //Pyramid2          // CSG-able four-sided pyramid
  //Square_X          // square from <-1, -1> to <1, 1> in y-z-plane
  //Square_Y          // square from <-1, -1> to <1, 1> in x-z-plane
  //Square_Z          // square from <-1, -1> to <1, 1> in x-y-plane
}

// some predefined skies
//
#include skies.inc

// a lot of stone textures
// T_Stone1 - T_Stone44
#include stones.inc

// macros for generating and manipulating text strings
//
#include strings.inc

// various geometric transformation macros
//
#include transforms.inc

// various (mostly layered) wood textures
// T_Wood1 - T_Wood35
#include woods.inc

Statements:

// set a color of the background (sky)
background { color rgb <0.1, 0.3, 0.8> }

// place all settings of globally influenced features here
global_settings {
// [GLOBAL ITEM(S)]
}

// used in global_settings, sets cutoff point of ray computation (1/255 default)
adc_bailout 0.0039

// used in global_settings, sets an overall brightness/ambient light level in the scene
ambient_light color rgb <1,1,1>

// used in global_settings, sets image gamma in relation to display gamma
assumed_gamma 1.0

// used in global_settings, specify the assumed character set of all text strings
  charset ascii       // standard ascii (only 0 to 127 are valid)
  //charset utf8      // unicode
  //charset sys       // system specific charset

// used in global_settings, sets image output to use grayscale only (TGA, PNG)
hf_gray_16 // [on/off]

// used in global_settings, sets the color shifts for iridescence (irid {})
irid_wavelength <0.25, 0.18, 0.14>

// used in global_settings, sets the maximum ray tracing intersection depth (1 or more) [64]
max_intersections 64

// used in global_settings, sets the maximum ray tracing bounce depth (1 or more) [5]
max_trace_level 5

// used in global_settings, sets the type of noise computation
// there are 3 available noise generators
// they can be used for single pigments, etc. too by adding
// noise_generator x to the definition
  //noise_generator 1 // old 3.1g plateaud noise
  //noise_generator 2 // fixed version of 3.1 noise
  noise_generator 3   // New 3.5 perlin noise

// used in global_settings, sets how many instances of waves/ripples to use
number_of_waves 10

Expressions:

// Bounds extents functions
// give the extent of the object's bounding box
#declare Obj = sphere { 0, 1 }
#declare Min = min_extent (Obj);
#declare Max = max_extent (Obj);

// These identifiers are built in to POV-Ray, ready to use
//  #declare pi = 3.1415926535897932384626
//  #declare true = 1
//  #declare yes = 1
//  #declare on = 1
//  #declare false = 0
//  #declare no = 0
//  #declare off = 0
//  #declare u = <1,0>
//  #declare v = <0,1>
//  #declare x = <1,0,0>
//  #declare y = <0,1,0>
//  #declare z = <0,0,1>
//  #declare t = <0,0,0,1>

// Other built in identifiers with no fixed values are
/*
clock           // current clock value in animations (0..1)
clock_delta     // clock step between frames
version         // version (default 3.5, can be changed with #version)
initial_clock   // start clock value (+KIn.n)
final_clock     // end clock value (+KFn.n)
initial_frame   // start frame number (+KFIn.n)
final_frame     // end frame number (+KFFn.n)
frame_number    // current frame number
clock_on        // 1(true) if animation
image_width     // width of current render
image_height    // height of current render
*/

// The conditional expression returns a value depending
// on whether an expression is true or false.
// In this case: if X is larger than Y, A is returned, otherwise B

#declare Value=((X>Y)?A:B);

// Various float functions
/*
// (---general---)
#declare X=div(A,B);            // A/B (integer)
#declare X=mod(A,B);            // A modulo B
#declare X=sqrt(A);             // square root of A
#declare X=exp(A);              // e^A
#declare X=log(A);              // Natural logarithm of A
#declare X=pow(A,B);            // A^B
#declare X=max(A,B,C, ...);     // Maximum of A, B, C, ...
#declare X=min(A,B,C, ...);     // Minimum of A, B, C, ...
#declare X=int(A);              // truncate A to integer part
#declare X=abs(A);              // Absolute value of A
#declare X=ceil(A);             // ceiling of A (smallest larger integer)
#declare X=floor(A);            // floor of A (largest smaller integer)
#declare X=defined(A);          // true if A is a defined identifier
// (---trigonometric---)
#declare X=cos(A);              // cosine of A
#declare X=cosh(A);             // hyperbolic cosine of A
#declare X=sin(A);              // sine of A
#declare X=sinh(A);             // hyperbolic sine of A
#declare X=tan(A);              // tangent of A
#declare X=tanh(A);             // hyperbolic tangent of A
#declare X=acos(A);             // arc-cosine of A
#declare X=acosh(A);            // hyperbolic Arc-cosine of A
#declare X=asin(A);             // arc-sine of A
#declare X=asinh(A);            // hyperbolic Arc-sines of A
#declare X=atan(A);             // arc-tangent of A
#declare X=atanh(A);            // hyperbolic Arc-tangent of A
#declare X=atan2(A,B);          // arc-tangent of (A/B)
#declare X=degrees(A);          // convert radians to degrees
#declare X=radians(A);          // convert degrees to radians
// (---arrays---)
#declare X=dimensions(A);       // Number of dimensions of Array A
#declare X=dimension_size(A,B); // Size of Array A in dimension B
*/

// As logical operators there are '&' and '|' standing for
// logical AND and OR.
// They return arithmetic value 0 for false or 1 for true.
// Note that A and B are not handled bitwise but logical.

#if (A & B)
... // do this only if both A and B are true
#end

#if (A | B)
... // do this if either A or B is true
#end

// ( ) ! * / + -
#declare MyResult = -2*B + (A*A - 4)

// Relationals must be within parentheses
// Return arithmetic value 0 for false or 1 for true
// < <= = != >= >

#declare BallColor = pigment { red (clock > 0.5) } // black or red

/* various string operations
asc(S1)          // Convert 1st character of S1 to ASCII value
chr(A)           // Convert extended ASCII value A to a 1 character string
concat(S1,S2)    // combine S1 and S2 into one long string
file_exists(S1)  // Search current and include directories for existence of file S1 (0 or 1)
str(A,L,P)       // Convert float A to string, at least L characters long,
                 // with P digits after the decimal point (if P is -1, make max)
strcmp(S1,S2)    // compare S1 to S2, return -1, 0, or +1 if S2 is <, =, > than S1
strlen(S1)       // Returns # of characters in string S1
strlwr(S1)       // Lower case of S1
substr(S1,P,L)   // Sub-string from S1, start at position P for length L
strupr(S1)       // Upper case of S1
val(S1)          // Convert string S1 to float
file_exists(S1)  // returns 1 if file S1 is found in library path
*/
/*
// some special control characters that can be used within strings
  a Bell or alarm, 0x07
  b Backspace, 0x08
  f Form feed, 0x0C
  n New line (line feed) 0x0A
  r Carriage return 0x0D
  t Horizontal tab 0x09
  v Vertical tab 0x0B
  0 Null 0x00
  \ Backslash 0x5C
  ' Single quote 0x27
*/

// vector functions
/*
#declare X=vaxis_rotate(A,B,F); // rotate A about B by F
#declare X=vcross(A,B);         // cross product of A and B
#declare X=vdot(A,B);           // dot product of A and B
#declare X=vrotate(A,B);        // rotate A about origin by B
#declare X=vnormalize(A);       // normalize vector A
#declare X=vturbulence(Lambda,Omega,Octaves, A);
                                // X+A gives a turbulated version of A
*/

// extract each component of a vector:

// for 3D vectors:
// #if (MyVector.x > 5) ...
// #if (MyVector.y > 5) ...
// #if (MyVector.z > 5) ...

// in addition for 4D vectors:
// #if (MyVector.t > 5) ...

// for 2D (UV) vectors:
// #if (MyVector.u > 5) ...
// #if (MyVector.v > 5) ...

// inside function tests if a certain point
// is inside a specified object

#declare Obj = sphere { 0, 1 }
#declare Point = <0.6, 0.5, 0.6>;

// if point is inside the object:
#if ( inside(Obj, Point) )
//...
#end

// the rand() function creates a reproducible sequence
// of pseudo-random numbers between 0.0 and 1.0

#declare R1 = seed(0); // initialize random number streams
#declare R2 = seed(12345);

// place sphere with random radius at random position
// use different random number streams for position and radius
sphere { <rand(R1), rand(R1), rand(R1)>, rand(R2) }

// trace function tests for intersection with a specified object

#declare Obj = sphere { 0, 1 }
#declare Norm = <0, 0, 0>;
#declare Start = <0.5, 0.5, 1>;
#declare Pos = trace (
                  Obj,             // object to test
                  Start,           // starting point
                  -z,              // direction
                  Norm );          // normal

// if intersection is found, normal differs from 0
#if (Norm.x != 0 | Norm.y != 0 | Norm.z != 0)
//...
#end

Misc. Directives:

// note that #declare of float, vector and color require semicolon at the end
#declare MyColor = color rgb<0.7, 0.5, 0.3>;

// sets the default texture that objects get when they have no texture specified
#default {
texture { pigment {color red 1} finish{ambient 0.2} }
}

  #if (High_Quality)
    // This section is parsed if High_Quality is true
  #end // End of conditional part
// or you can use the else clause too
  #if (clock > 2)
    // This section is parsed if clock is > 2
  #else
    // This section is parsed if clock is <= 2
  #end // End of conditional part

#if (expr)
// true stuff happens here
#else
// false stuff happens here
#end

  #ifdef (SphereFlake_Shape)
    // This section is  parsed if SphereFlake_Shape is declared
  #else
    // This section is  parsed if SphereFlake_Shape is NOT declared
    #declare SphereFlake_Shape = sphere {0,1} // make a default shape
  #end // End of conditional part

#ifdef (ident)
// true stuff happens here
#else
// false stuff happens here
#end

// similar to #declare, but limited to the current scene file/macro
// note that #local of float, vector and color require semicolon at the end
#local MyColor = color rgb<0.7, 0.5, 0.3>;

// macros can have parameters and are useful for 'programming' scenes
#macro Spheres(A, B, C)
sphere { A, C }
sphere { B, C }
#end

// this macro can be called for example with
union { Spheres(x, 2*x, 0.5) }

// display user defined messages in the Povray output
#debug During scene parsing, general info message
#warning During scene parsing

// Let's make some constant names
#declare CS_Medium = 1;
#declare CS_Hard = 3;
#declare CS_Easy = 5;

// Let the user choose the method to use
#declare Complexity_Switch = CS_Medium; // or CS_Easy or CS_Hard

// Do something dependent on the user's choice
#switch (Complexity_Switch)

  #case (CS_Easy)
    // This statement is done if Complexity_Switch is CS_Easy
    #declare MyShape = box { -<1, 1, 1>, <1, 1, 1> }
  #break // End of this case section

  #range (CS_Medium, CS_Hard)
    // This statement is done if Complexity_Switch is CS_Medium
    // or CS_Hard or anything in between
    #declare MyShape = torus { 1, 0.5 }
  #break // End of this range section

  #else
    // This statement is done if none of the above match
    #declare MyShape = sphere { <0, 0, 0>, 1 }

#end // End of switch statement

#switch (expr)
  #case (expr)
  #break
  #range (expr,expr)
  #break
  #else
#end

// identifiers can be destroyed with
#undef MyColor

#declare Temp_Vers = version    // Save original value of #version
#version 3.0;                   // Change to 3.0 mode
// Version 3.0 stuff goes here ...
#version Temp_Vers              // Restore original #version value

// Create 10 balls along X axis, from 0 to 9
#declare BallCount = 0;
#while (BallCount < 10)
  sphere {
    <BallCount,0,0>,  // NOTE: <0,0,0>, <1,0,0>, <2,0,0>, etc.
    0.5
  }
  #declare BallCount = BallCount+1;   // increment our counter
#end

Animation:

  // spin the torus around the X axis, as clock goes from 0 to 1
  // the torus will rotate one complete 360 degree revolution.
  // Note that the texture is put on BEFORE we rotate so it rotates too.
  torus { 1,0.2 pigment {color red 1} rotate clock*x*360}

// additional animation variables
#declare X=clock_delta;       // clock step between frames
#declare X=initial_clock;     // clock value of first rendered frame (+KIn.n)
#declare X=final_clock;       // clock value of last rendered frame (+KFn.n)
#declare X=initial_frame;     // initial frame number (+KFIn).
#declare X=final_frame;       // final frame number (+KFIn).
#declare X=clock_on;          // true if scene is rendered as an animation

Colors:

// rgb - Red Green Blue color shortcut
color rgb <0.2, 0.3, 0.4>

// rgbf - Red Green Blue Filter color shortcut
color rgbf <0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.9>

// rgbt - Red Green Blue Transmit color shortcut
color rgbt <0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.9>

// rgbft - Red Green Blue Filter Transmit color shortcut
// NOTE: filter + transmit should always equal 1.0
color rgbft <0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.4, 0.6>

color red 1

color green 1

color blue 1

color red 1 filter 1

color green 1 transmit 1

// extract each component of a color:
// #if (MyColor.red < 0.5) ...
// #if (MyColor.green < 0.5) ...
// #if (MyColor.blue < 0.5) ...
// #if (MyColor.filter < 0.5) ...
// #if (MyColor.transmit < 0.5) ...

Special effects:

// set global atmospheric fog effect in the scene.
// at the fog distance, there will be 63% visibility
fog {
  fog_type 1               // 1=constant, 2=ground_fog
  distance 10
  color Gray               // can also have 'filter' and 'transmit'
  // (---turbulence---)
  //turbulence <0.5, 0.5, 1.0>
  //turb_depth 0.5
  //omega 0.5
  //lambda 2.0
  //octaves 6
  // (---ground fog---)
  //fog_offset 0.5         // height of constant fog
  //fog_alt 0.5            // at fog_offset+fog_alt: density=25%
}

fog {
  fog_type 1
  distance 100
  color SkyBlue
}

fog {
  fog_type   2
  distance   10
  color      rgb 0.6 // gray
  fog_offset 0.1
  fog_alt    0.2
  turbulence 0.8
}

// atmospheric media can be generated by adding a media statement
// to the scene not attached to any specific object

media {    // atmospheric media sample
  intervals 10
  scattering { 1, rgb 0.03 }
  samples 1, 10
  confidence 0.9999
  variance 1/1000
  ratio 0.9
}

// Create an infinite sphere around scene and allow any pigment on it
sky_sphere {
  pigment {
    gradient y
    color_map { [0.0 color rgb <0.7,0.7,1.0>] [1.0 color blue 0.5] }
  }
}

// create a rainbow arc
rainbow {
  angle 30         // degrees
  width 6          // degrees
  distance 1000
  direction <0,-0.5,1>
  jitter 0.01
  arc_angle 180    // degrees
  falloff_angle 60 // degrees
  // up <UP>
  color_map {
    [0.000 color rgbf <1.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.0> ]
    [0.100 color rgbf <1.0, 0.5, 1.0, 0.8> ]
    [0.214 color rgbf <0.5, 0.5, 1.0, 0.8> ]
    [0.328 color rgbf <0.2, 0.2, 1.0, 0.8> ]
    [0.442 color rgbf <0.2, 1.0, 1.0, 0.8> ]
    [0.556 color rgbf <0.2, 1.0, 0.2, 0.8> ]
    [0.670 color rgbf <1.0, 1.0, 0.2, 0.8> ]
    [0.784 color rgbf <1.0, 0.5, 0.2, 0.8> ]
    [0.900 color rgbf <1.0, 0.2, 0.2, 0.8> ]
  }
}

// adding a photon{} block to global_settings activates photon mapping.
// photons also need to be adjusted for light sources and objects.
global_settings {
  photons {
    spacing 0.01                 // specify the density of photons
    //count 100000               // alternatively use a total number of photons

    //gather min, max            // amount of photons gathered during render [20, 100]
    //media max_steps [,factor]  // media photons
    //jitter 1.0                 // jitter phor photon rays
    //max_trace_level 5          // optional separate max_trace_level
    //adc_bailout 1/255          // see global adc_bailout
    //save_file filename       // save photons to file
    //load_file filename       // load photons from file
    //autostop 0                 // photon autostop option
    //radius 10                  // manually specified search radius
    // (---Adaptive Search Radius---)
    //steps 1
    //expand_thresholds 0.2, 40
  }
}

// photon block for a light source
  photons {
    refraction on
    reflection on
    //area_light
  }

// photon block for an object
  photons{
    target 1.0          // spacing multiplier for photons hitting the object
    refraction on
    reflection on
    //collect off       // ignore photons
    //pass_through      // do not influence photons
  }

// radiosity (global illumination) settings
global_settings {
  radiosity {
    pretrace_start 0.08           // start pretrace at this size
    pretrace_end   0.04           // end pretrace at this size
    count 35                      // higher -> higher quality (1..1600) [35]
    nearest_count 5               // higher -> higher quality (1..10) [5]
    error_bound 1.8               // higher -> smoother, less accurate [1.8]
    recursion_limit 3             // how much interreflections are calculated (1..5+) [3]
    low_error_factor .5           // reduce error_bound during last pretrace step
    gray_threshold 0.0            // increase for weakening colors (0..1) [0]
    minimum_reuse 0.015           // reuse of old radiosity samples [0.015]
    brightness 1                  // brightness of radiosity effects (0..1) [1]

    adc_bailout 0.01/2
    //normal on                   // take surface normals into account [off]
    //media on                    // take media into account [off]
    //save_file file_name       // save radiosity data
    //load_file file_name       // load saved radiosity data
    //always_sample off           // turn sampling in final trace off [on]
    //max_sample 1.0              // maximum brightness of samples
  }
}

Cameras:

// perspective (default) camera
camera {
  location  <0.0, 2.0, -5.0>
  look_at   <0.0, 0.0,  0.0>
  right     x*image_width/image_height
}

// set viewer's position in the scene
camera {
// (---camera types---)
//  perspective (default) | orthographic | fisheye |
//  ultra_wide_angle | omnimax | panoramic | cylinder 1 | spherical

  location  <0.0, 1.0, -6.0>   // position of camera <X,Y,Z>
  direction 2.0*z              // which way are we looking <X,Y,Z> & zoom
//  sky       y                // for tilting the camera
  up        y                  // which way is +up <X,Y,Z> (aspect ratio with x)
  right x*image_width/image_height
                               // which way is +right <X,Y,Z> (aspect ratio with y)
  look_at   <0.0, 0.0,  0.0>   // point center of view at this point <X,Y,Z>

//  angle 67                   // overrides direction with specific angle
//  normal { ripples 0.2 }     // perturb the camera lens with a pattern

// (---focal blur extras---)
// aperture 0.2                // [0...N] larger is narrower depth of field (blurrier)
// blur_samples 4              // number of rays per pixel for sampling
// focal_point <0,0,0>         // point that is in focus <X,Y,Z>
// confidence 0.9              // [0...1] when to move on while sampling (smaller is less accurate)
// variance 1/128              // [0...1] how precise to calculate (smaller is more accurate)

// (---spherical camera---)
// angle 360                   // horizontal field of view (in degrees and...)
//       180                   // vertical field of view (...are aspect ratios)
}

// cylinder lens for axis distorted field of view
// 1 is vertical cylinder, fixed viewpoint
// 2 is horizontal cylinder, fixed viewpoint
// 3 is vertical cylinder, viewpoint moves along the cylinder's axis
// 4 is horizontal cylinder, viewpoint moves along the cylinder's axis
camera {
  cylinder 1            // types 1, 2 ,3, 4
  location <0,0,-1>     // position
  right x*5             // horizontal aspect or field of view
  up y*2                // vertical aspect or field of view
  look_at  <0,0,0>      // view
}

// fisheye lens for wide round field of view (up to 360 degrees)
camera {
  fisheye
  location <0,0,-1>     // position
  look_at  <0,0,0>      // view
  angle 180             // field
}

// focal blur camera
camera {
  location  <0.0, 2.0, -5.0>
  look_at   <0.0, 0.0,  0.0>
  right     x*image_width/image_height
  aperture 1.0           // [0...N] larger is narrower depth of field (blurrier)
  blur_samples 10        // number of rays per pixel for sampling
  focal_point <0,1,2>    // point that is in focus <X,Y,Z>
  confidence 0.95           // [0...<1] when to move on while sampling (smaller is less accurate)
  variance 1/200            // [0...1] how precise to calculate (smaller is more accurate)
}

// normal perturbed camera
camera {
  location  <0.0, 2.0, -5.0>
  look_at   <0.0, 0.0,  0.0>
  right     x*image_width/image_height
  normal {
   wrinkles 0.2 scale 0.3
  }
}

// omnimax lens for 180 degree equirectangular field of view (angle unused)
camera {
  omnimax
  location <0,0,-1>                    // position
  look_at  <0,0,0>                     // view
  right    x*image_width/image_height  // aspect
}

// orthographic projection using parallel camera rays
// Could be used to render a planar image map, for example
camera {
  orthographic
  location <0,0,-1>    // position & direction of view
  look_at  <0,0,0>
  right 1*x            // horizontal size of view
  up 1*y               // vertical size of view
}
/*
box {                  // this box fits exactly in view
  <-0.5, -0.5, 0>, <0.5, 0.5, 0>
  texture { pigment { rgb <1, 0, 1> } }
}*/

// panoramic lens for wide field of view with less distortion
camera {
  panoramic
  location <0, 0, -1>                  // position
  look_at  <0, 0,  0>                  // view
  right    x*image_width/image_height  // aspect
  angle    120                         // field (greater than 180 degrees possible)
}

// perspective (default, not required) camera
camera {
  perspective
  location  <0, 0, -1>
  look_at   <0, 0,  0>
  right     x*image_width/image_height  // aspect
  // direction z                        // direction and zoom
  // angle 67                           // field (overides direction zoom)
}

// sky (tilt) camera
camera {
  location  <0.0, 2.0, -5.0>
  sky       <1.0, 0.5,  0.0>        // direction of the camera sky
  look_at   <0.0, 0.0,  0.0>
  right     x*image_width/image_height
}

// spherical lens for sphere field of view (mappable to a sphere)
camera {
  spherical
  location <0,0,0>      // position
  look_at  <0,0,1>      // view
  angle 360             // horizontal degrees
        180             // vertical degrees
}

// ultra_wide_angle lens for wide, rectangular field of view
camera {
  ultra_wide_angle
  location <0, 1, -5>               // position
  look_at  <0, 0, 0>                // view
  right x*image_width/image_height  // aspect
  angle 90                          // field
}

Light sources:

// general light definition
light_source {
  <10, 10, 10>      // position of the light source
  color rgb 1.0     // color of the light
  // spotlight
  // cylinder
  // parallel
  // area_light <AXIS1>, <AXIS2>, SIZE1, SIZE2
  // (---for spotlight/cylinder---)
  // radius FLOAT
  // falloff FLOAT
  // tightness FLOAT
  // point_at <VECTOR>   // for spotlight/cylinder/parallel
  // (---for area_light---)
  // adaptive FLOAT
  // jitter FLOAT
  // circular
  // orient
  // (---other modifiers---)
  // looks_like { OBJECT }
  // fade_distance FLOAT
  // fade_power FLOAT
  // media_attenuation BOOL
  // media_interaction BOOL
  // shadowless
}

// An area light (creates soft shadows)
// WARNING: This special light can significantly slow down rendering times!
light_source {
  0*x                 // light's position (translated below)
  color rgb 1.0       // light's color
  area_light
  <8, 0, 0> <0, 0, 8> // lights spread out across this distance (x * z)
  4, 4                // total number of lights in grid (4x*4z = 16 lights)
  adaptive 0          // 0,1,2,3...
  jitter              // adds random softening of light
  circular            // make the shape of the light circular
  orient              // orient light
  translate <40, 80, -40>   // <x y z> position of light
}

// create a point spotlight (cylindrical directed) light source
light_source {
  0*x                     // light's position (translated below)
  color rgb <1,1,1>       // light's color
  spotlight               // this kind of light source
  cylinder                // this variation
  translate <40, 80, -40> // <x y z> position of light
  point_at <0, 0, 0>      // direction of spotlight
  radius 5                // hotspot (inner, in degrees)
  tightness 50            // tightness of falloff (1...100) lower is softer, higher is tighter
  falloff 8               // intensity falloff radius (outer, in degrees)
}

// light_source { ...
  // put this inside a light_source to add light fading
  fade_distance 10
  fade_power 2

// a light group makes certain light sources only
// influencing certain objects
light_group {
  light_source {          // light sourc(es) of this group
    <100, 100, 100>
    color rgb y
  }
  sphere {                // objects illuminated by those light sources
    <0, -1, 0>,0.5
    pigment { color White }
  }
  //global_lights         // add this to make all global lights
                          // also illuminating this light group
}

// light_source { ...
// put this inside a light_source to give it a visible appearance
looks_like { sphere { 0*x, 5 pigment { Yellow } } }

// light_source { ...
  // put this inside a light_source to make it parallel
  parallel
  point_at <1, 0, 0>

// create a regular point light source
light_source {
  0*x                  // light's position (translated below)
  color rgb <1,1,1>    // light's color
  translate <-20, 40, -20>
}

// light_source { ...
  // put this inside a light_source to give the light beam
  // the shape of the object
  projected_through { object { ... } }

// create a point spotlight (conical directed) light source
light_source {
  0*x                     // light's position (translated below)
  color rgb <1,1,1>       // light's color
  spotlight               // this kind of light source
  translate <40, 80, -40> // <x y z> position of light
  point_at <0, 0, 0>      // direction of spotlight
  radius 5                // hotspot (inner, in degrees)
  tightness 50            // tightness of falloff (1...100) lower is softer, higher is tighter
  falloff 8               // intensity falloff radius (outer, in degrees)
}

Shapes:

// 3D curved FINITE (no CSG) surface created from a mesh of triangles
bicubic_patch {
  type 1 // patch_type (0..1)
  // 0 = Bezier patch, just store the triangular vertices
  // 1 = Bezier patch, store all plane equations defined by
  //       the triangulation of the patch into sub patches
  //       (faster, uses more memory)
   flatness 0.1 // flatness value
  //       flatness_value = 0.0 to 1.0, with higher values
  //        giving flatter, less smooth results
  u_steps 3 // # of triangles to subdivide (1-5)
  v_steps 3 // # of triangles to subdivide (1-5)
  <0, 0, 2> <1, 0, 0> <2, 0, 0> <3, 0, -2>
  <0, 1, 0> <1, 1, 0> <2, 1, 0> <3, 1,  0>
  <0, 2, 0> <1, 2, 0> <2, 2, 0> <3, 2,  0>
  <0, 3, 2> <1, 3, 0> <2, 3, 0> <3, 3, -2>
}

// create a smooth blobby shape
#declare RadiusVal   = 1.0; // (0 < RadiusVal) outer sphere of influence on other components
#declare StrengthVal = 1.0; // (+ or -) strength of component's radiating density

blob {
  // threshold (0.0 < threshold <= StrengthVal) surface falloff threshold #
  threshold 0.6
  sphere { < 0.75,   0,    0>, RadiusVal, StrengthVal }
  sphere { <-0.375,  0.65, 0>, RadiusVal, StrengthVal }
  sphere { <-0.375, -0.65, 0>, RadiusVal, StrengthVal }
  cylinder { -z, +z, RadiusVal, StrengthVal }
  // [sturm]
  scale 2
}

// create a box that extends between the 2 specified points
box {
<-1, -1, -1> // one corner position <X1 Y1 Z1>
< 1, 1, 1> // other corner position <X2 Y2 Z2>
}

// clipped conical shape
// cone { <END1>, RADIUS1, <END2>, RADIUS2 [open] }
// Where <END1> and <END2> are vectors defining the x,y,z
// coordinates of the center of each end of the cone
// and RADIUS1 and RADIUS2 are float values for the radii
// of those ends.  open, if present, cone is hollow, else capped
cone {
  1*y,  0.0,
  -1*y, 1.0
  // open
}

// create a 3rd order infinite polynomial surface
cubic {
  <
// x^3,      x^2y,     x^2z,     x^2,
   1,        0,        0,        0,
// xy^2,     xyz,      xy,       xz^2,
   0,        1,        0,        0,
// xz,       x,        y^3,      y^2z,
   0,        0,        1,        0,
// y^2,      yz^2,     yz,       y,
   0,        0,        0,        1,
// z^3,      z^2,      z,        C
   0,        0,        0,        1
  >
// sturm // optional, slower but reduces speckles
}

// Capped Cylinder, closed [or open ended]
// cylinder { <END1>, <END2>, RADIUS [open] }
//  END1 = coord of one end of cylinder
//  END2 = coord of other end
// RADIUS = size of cylinder
// open = if present, cylinder is hollow, else capped
cylinder {
  0*x,  3*x,  1
  // open
}

// flat circular FINITE (no CSG) shape, center hole cutout is optional
disc {
  <0, 1, 0>  // center position
  z,         // normal vector
  1.0,       // outer radius
  0.2        // optional hole radius
}

// create a 3-D slice of a 4-D julia fractal object
julia_fractal {
  <-0.083,0.0,-0.83,-0.025>
  quaternion // hypercomplex
  cube // TYPE: sqr | cube | exp | reciprocal | sin | asin | sinh | asinh | cos | acos |
       //       cosh | acosh | tan | atan | tanh | atanh | log | pwr( X_Val, Y_Val )
  max_iteration 8
  precision 20
  // slice <0,0,0,1>,0
}

// uses image color index as height, extends along X-Z axes
// from <0 0 0> to <1 1 1>
height_field {
  png plasma3.png
  texture {
    pigment {
      image_map { png plasma3.png map_type 0 interpolate 2 once }
      rotate x*90 // lay X-Y image map down onto X-Z height field plane
    }
  }
}

// uses image color index as height, extends along X-Z axes
// from <0 0 0> to <1 1 1>
height_field {
  png               // the file type to read (tga/pot/pgm/ppm/png/sys)
  plasma3.png     // the file name to read
//  [smooth]        // smooth surface normal
//  [water_level N] // truncate/clip below N (0.0 ... 1.0)
//  texture {...}
//  translate VECTOR | rotate VECTOR | scale VECTOR
}

// create a isosurface object - the equipotential surface
// of a 3D math function f(x, y, z)
#declare fn_X = function(x,y,z) { x*x + y*y - 1 }  // cylinder function
isosurface {
  function { x*x + y*y - 1 }          // function (can also contain declared functions
  //function { fn_X(x, y, z) }        // alternative declared function
  contained_by { box { -1.2, 1.2 } }  // container shape
  //threshold 0.0                     // optional threshold value for isosurface [0.0]
  accuracy 0.001                      // accuracy of calculation [0.001]
  max_gradient 4                      // maximum gradient the function can have [1.1]
  //evaluate 5, 1.2, 0.95             // evaluate the maximum gradient
  //max_trace 1                       // maybe increase for use in CSG [1]
  //all_intersections                 // alternative to 'max_trace'
  //open                              // remove visible container surface
}

// rotate a 2-D outline of points around the Y axis to create a 3-D shape
lathe {
  linear_spline // linear_spline | quadratic_spline | cubic_spline
  5, // number of points
  <2, 0>, <3, 0>, <3, 5>, <2, 5>, <2, 0> // the list of <u,v> points
}

// triangle or smooth-triangle mesh FINITE (no CSG) shape
// NOTE: Each triangle can be independently textured,
//       remaining triangles get texture at bottom
//       For the individual triangles you have to use declared textures

#declare T1=texture { pigment { color rgb x } }
#declare T2=texture { pigment { color rgb y } }
#declare T3=texture { pigment { color rgb z } }

mesh { // box example here
  /* top side */
  triangle { <-2,  2, -2>, < 2,  2, -2>, < 2,  2,  2> }
  triangle { <-2,  2, -2>, <-2,  2,  2>, < 2,  2,  2> texture { T1 } }
  /* bottom side */
  triangle { <-2, -2, -2>, < 2, -2, -2>, < 2, -2,  2> }
  triangle { <-2, -2, -2>, <-2, -2,  2>, < 2, -2,  2> }
  /* left side */
  triangle { <-2, -2, -2>, <-2, -2,  2>, <-2,  2,  2> }
  triangle { <-2, -2, -2>, <-2,  2, -2>, <-2,  2,  2> }
  /* right side */
  triangle { < 2, -2, -2>, < 2, -2,  2>, < 2,  2,  2> texture { T2 } }
  triangle { < 2, -2, -2>, < 2,  2, -2>, < 2,  2,  2> texture { T2 } }
  /* front side */
  triangle { <-2, -2, -2>, < 2, -2, -2>, <-2,  2, -2> texture { T3 } }
  triangle { <-2,  2, -2>, < 2,  2, -2>, < 2, -2, -2> texture { T3 } }
  /* back side */
  triangle { <-2, -2,  2>, < 2, -2,  2>, <-2,  2,  2> }
  triangle { <-2,  2,  2>, < 2,  2,  2>, < 2, -2,  2> }
  texture
  { // remaining triangles get this texture
    pigment { color rgb<0.9, 0.9, 0.9> }
    finish { ambient 0.2 diffuse 0.7 }
  }
}

// new more compact mesh FINITE (no CSG) shape
mesh2 {
  vertex_vectors {
    number_of_vertices,
    <vertex1>, <vertex2>, ...
  }
  normal_vectors {
    number_of_normals,
    <normal1>, <normal2>, ...
  }
  uv_vectors {
    number_of_uv_vectors,
    <uv_vect1>, <uv_vect2>, ...
  }
  texture_list {
    number_of_textures,
    texture { Texture1 },
    texture { Texture2 }, ...
  }
  face_indices {
    number_of_faces,
    <index_a, index_b, index_c> [,texture_index [, texture_index, texture_index]],
    <index_d, index_e, index_f> [,texture_index [, texture_index, texture_index]],
    ...
  }
  normal_indices {
    number_of_faces,
    <index_a, index_b, index_c>,
    <index_d, index_e, index_f>,
    ...
  }
  uv_indices {
    number_of_faces,
    <index_a, index_b, index_c>,
    <index_d, index_e, index_f>,
    ...
  }
  [object modifiers]
}

// general purpose enclosing wrapper for a predefined shape
#declare MyShape = box {-1,1}    // declare the shape
object { MyShape }               // create an actual object with that shape
object { MyShape translate 3*x}  // create another object with that shape

// parametric object
// not yet worked out
parametric {
  function { u*v*sin (15*v) },            // x-axis
  function { v },                         // y-axis
  function { u*v*cos (15*v) }             // z-axis
  <0,0>, <1,1>
  // contained_by { sphere { 0,1 } } // texturing problem, use box instead to see!
  contained_by { box { <-1,-1,-1>, <1,1,1> } }
  // max_gradient 2
  accuracy 0.005        // 0.001 default, lower slower but better
  precompute 15 x,y,z   // precompute [x,y,z] normally gives faster rendering (<=20)

  rotate 180*x
}

// An infinite planar surface
// plane {<A, B, C>, D } where: A*x + B*y + C*z = D
plane {
  y, // <X Y Z> unit surface normal, vector points away from surface
  -1.0 // distance from the origin in the direction of the surface normal
  hollow on // has an inside pigment?
}

// arbitrary X,Y FINITE (no CSG) shape
// A complex example for a polygon is the letter P:
polygon {
  12, // number of points
  <0, 0>, <0, 6>, <4, 6>, <4, 3>, <1, 3>, <1, 0>, <0, 0>, // list of <u,v> points
  <1, 4>, <1, 5>, <3, 5>, <3, 4>, <1, 4>
}

// create an Nth order infinite polynomial surface
// poly { N <a,b,c...> [sturm] }
// N = order of poly, M terms where M = (N+1)*(N+2)*(N+3)/6
poly {
  5, // order of polynomial (2...7)
  <
// x^5,        x^4y,       x^4z,       x^4,
   0,          0,          0,          0,
// x^3y^2,     x^3yz,      x^3y,       x^3z^2,
   0,          0,          0,          0,
// x^3z,       x^3,        x^2y^3,     x^2y^2z,
   0,          0,          0,          0,
// x^2y^2,     x^2yz^2,    x^2yz,      x^2y,
   0,          0,          0,          0,
// x^2z^3,     x^2z^2,     x^2z,       x^2,
   0,          0,          0,          0,
// xy^4,       xy^3z,      xy^3,       xy^2z^2,
   0,          0,          0,          0,
// xy^2z,      xy^2,       xyz^3,      xyz^2,
   0,          0,          0,          0,
// xyz,        xy,         xz^4,       xz^3,
   0,          0,          0,          0,
// xz^2,       xz,         x,          y^5,
   0,          0,          0,          0,
// y^4z,       y^4,        y^3z^2,     y^3z,
   0,          0,          0,          0,
// y^3,        y^2z^3,     y^2z^2,     y^2z,
   0,          0,          0,          0,
// y^2,        yz^4,       yz^3,       yz^2,
   0,          0,          0,          0,
// yz,         y,          z^5,        z^4,
   0,          0,          0,          0,
// z^3,        z^2,        z,          C
   0,          0,          0,          0
  >
  sturm // optional, slower but reduces speckles
}

// extrude a closed 2-D shape along an axis
prism {
  linear_sweep  // or conic_sweep for tapering to a point
  linear_spline // linear_spline | quadratic_spline | cubic_spline | bezier_spline
  -0.5,         // height 1
   0.5,         // height 2
  10,           // number of points
  // (--- the <u,v> points ---)
  < 0.2, -1.0>, < 0.2,  0.2>, < 1.0, -0.2>, < 1.0,  0.2>, < 0.2,  1.0>,
  <-0.2,  1.0>, <-1.0,  0.2>, <-1.0, -0.2>, <-0.2,  0.2>, <-0.2, -1.0>
  // , <0.2,   0.2> // match 2nd point, if quadratic_spline add this
  // , <0.2,  -1.0> // match 1st point, if cubic_spline add this as well as the other
  // [open]
  // [sturm]
}

// create a quadratic (2nd order) infinite polynomial surface
quadric {
  <0, 1, 1> //  A x^2  + B y^2  + C z^2  +
  <1, 0, 0> //  D xy   + E xz   + F yz   +
  <0, 3, 0> //  G x    + H y    + I z    +
  2         //  J
}

// create a 4th order infinite polynomial surface
quartic {
<
// x^4,        x^3y,       x^3z,       x^3,        x^2y^2,
   0,          0,          0,          0,          0,
// x^2yz,      x^2y,       x^2z^2,     x^2z,       x^2,
   0,          0,          0,          0,          0,
// xy^3,       xy^2z,      xy^2,       xyz^2,      xyz,
   0,          0,          0,          0,          0,
// xy,         xz^3,       xz^2,       xz,         x,
   0,          0,          0,          0,          0,
// y^4,        y^3z,       y^3,        y^2z^2,     y^2z,
   0,          0,          0,          0,          0,
// y^2,        yz^3,       yz^2,       yz,         y,
   0,          0,          0,          0,          0,
// z^4,        z^3,        z^2,        z,          C
   0,          0,          0,          0,          0
>
  sturm // optional, slower but reduces speckles
}

// rounded-surface FINITE (no CSG) triangle shape
smooth_triangle {
  <  0,  30, 0> <0,  0.7071, -0.7071>  // <Vertex1>  <SurfaceNormal1>
  < 40, -20, 0> <0, -0.8664, -0.5>     // <Vertex2>  <SurfaceNormal2>
  <  0,   0, 0> <0, -0.5,    -0.8664>  // <Vertex3>  <SurfaceNormal3>
}

// create a sphere shape
sphere {
  <0, 1, 0> // center of sphere <X Y Z>
  0.5       // radius of sphere
  // scale <1,2,1> // <= Note: Spheres can become ellipses by uneven scaling
}

// create a curved tube object translating a sphere along a certain path
sphere_sweep {
  linear_spline                 // linear curve
  //cubic_spline                // alternative spline curves
  //b_spline
  4,                            // number of specified sphere positions
  <-5, -5, 0>, 1                // position, radius
  <-5, 5, 0>, 1                 // ...
  < 5, -5, 0>, 1
  < 5, 5, 0>, 1
  //tolerance 0.001             // optional
}

// create a superquadric ellipsoid shape
// As the exponents approach 1.0, the edges get rounder
superellipsoid {
<0.5, // east-west exponent (0.0 ... 1.0)
1.0> // north-south exponent (0.0 ... 1.0)
}

// create a Surface of Revolution shape (like lathe, but faster)
sor {
    7, // # of points
    <0.000000, 0.000000> // list of <u,v> points
    <0.118143, 0.000000>
    <0.620253, 0.540084>
    <0.210970, 0.827004>
    <0.194093, 0.962025>
    <0.286920, 1.000000>
    <0.468354, 1.033755>
    // [open]
}

// create a TrueType text shape
text {
  ttf             // font type (only TrueType format for now)
  crystal.ttf,  // Microsoft Windows-format TrueType font file name
  POV-Ray,      // the string to create
  2,              // the extrusion depth
  0               // inter-character spacing
}

// torus {MAJOR, MINOR} // (in the X-Z plane)
// MAJOR = float value giving the major radius
// MINOR = float specifying the minor radius
// The major radius extends from the center of the hole
// to the mid-line of the rim while the minor radius
// is the radius of the cross-section of the rim.
torus {
0.8,
0.2
}

// triangular FINITE (no CSG) shape (vertices are endpoints)
triangle {
  <-1,  0, -1>,  // <Vertex1>
  < 1,  0, -1>,  // <Vertex2>
  < 0,  0,  1>   // <Vertex3>
}

Shapes (shorter versions):

box { <-1, -1, -1>, <1, 1, 1> }

cone { <0, 1, 0>, 0.0, <0, -1, 0>, 1.0 }

cylinder { <0, 0, 0>, <3, 0, 0>, 1 }

disc { <0, 0, 0>, z, 1.0, 0.2 }

plane { y, -1.0 }

sphere { <0, 1, 0>, 0.5 }

superellipsoid { <0.5, 1.0> }

torus { 0.8, 0.2 }

Shape modifiers:

// set an outer proposed boundary for parent object(s)
// allows the ray-tracer to do a quick check on the Bounding Shape,
// and if outside, it skips checking this object, which can speed
// up overall rendering of complex shapes. Note that this
// is not a 100 2.10678e-314uaranteed clipping shape... use the
// clipped_by statement for that.
bounded_by { box { -(x+y+z) +(x+y+z) }

// set clipping shape for parent object.
// (parent shape will not extend beyond ClipShape bounds)
clipped_by { sphere { 0*x, 1.0 } }

// illuminate also the shadow side of a surface
double_illuminate

// allow atmosphere inside shape
hollow

// show reflections, but not the object directly
no_image

// show no reflections of the object
no_reflection

// give object no shadow
no_shadow

// some objects (cylinder, cone, prism, etc.) can have their ends open
open

// use slower but more accurate root solver.
// can be applied to:
//    -blob
//    -cubic
//    -lathe (only with quadratic splines)
//    -poly
//    -prism (only with cubic splines)
//    -quartic
//    -sor
  sturm

CSG operations:

// cutaway_textures can be useful for texturing differences
difference {
  sphere {
    0, 1
    texture { pigment { color Red } }
  }
  box { 0, 1 }
  // the visible parts of this object will get the texture of the sphere
  cutaway_textures
}

// CSG difference, subtract intersections of shapes 2...N from Shape1
difference {
  Shape1 {...} // Start with this shape
  Shape2 {...} // This will be cut out of Shape1
  ShapeN {...} // This will be cut out of Shape1
}

// CSG intersection, the common space where all the shapes meet
intersection {
  Shape1 {...}
  Shape2 {...}
  ShapeN {...}
}

// flip an object's inside and outside for intersect/difference
intersection {
Shape1 {... inverse }
Shape2 {...}
}

// CSG merge, merge all of shapes 1...N
// like 'union', but melted together so no overlap seam lines inside
merge {
  Shape1 {...}
  Shape2 {...}
  ShapeN {...}
}

// CSG union, add all of shapes 1...N
union {
  Shape1 {...}
  Shape2 {...}
  ShapeN {...}
}

Material:

// describes inside of a shape (similar to texture, but for inside, not surface)
  interior {
    ior 1.31              // index of refraction
    dispersion            // needs a color_map in the light source
    dispersion_samples 7  // accuracy of calculation (2..100) [7]
    caustics 1.0          // faked caustics (0..1)
    fade_power 1001       // values larger than 1000 give realistic exponential attenuation
    fade_distance 3       // distance where light reaches half intensity
    fade_color <0, .3, 0> // color for fading
    media {..media items..}
  }

// material {} is a wrapper for interior and texture
// you can declare it like texture and interior too
// Note that it has nothing to do with material_map
material {
  texture {
    pigment { color rgbt <0.5, 0.5, 0.7, 0.5> }
    finish { diffuse 0.2 specular 0.6 }
  }
  interior {
    ior 1.5
  }
}

// general media statement
// put in interior or in scene file for atmospheric media
media {
  // (---general values---)
  intervals 10           // number of intervals used for sampling [10]
  samples 1,1            // minimum and maximum number of samples taken per interval [1,1]
  confidence 0.9         // statistic parameter higher->better quality [0.9]
  variance 1.0/128       // statistic parameter lower->better quality [1.0/128]
  ratio 0.9              // distribution between lit and unlit areas [0.9]
  // (---media types---)
  absorption rgb<0,1,0>  // absorbing media, block light of specified color
  //emission rgb<0,1,0>  // emitting media, emit light of specified color
  /*
  scattering {           // scattering media
    1,                   // scattering type 1=isotropic; 2=Mie haze; 3=Mie murky
                         // 4=Rayleigh; 5=Henyey-Greenstein
    rgb<0,1,0>           // color
    //eccentricity 0.25  // eccentricity for type 5 [0.0]
    //extinction 1.0     // for balancing amount of absorption [1.0]
  }*/
  // (---method---)
  //method 1             // old Povray 3.1 method
  //method 2             // new method with even distribution
  method 3               // adaptive sampling
  //aa_threshold 0.1     // accuracy threshold for method 3 [0.1]
  //aa_level 4           // maximum recursion depth for method 3 [4]
  //jitter 0.5           // randomness for method 2&3
  // (---density---)
  /*
  density {
    spherical            // any pattern
    color_map {...}      // color_map
    //density_map {...}  // or alternatively density_map
  }*/

  // translate etc.
}

Textures:

Textures/Texture Maps:

// texture normal {} attribute
// create a texture that has a bumpiness corresponding to color index
// image maps into X-Y plane from <0,0,0> to <1,1,0>
bump_map { // uses image color or index as bumpiness
  png plasma3.png // the file to read (iff/tga/gif/png/jpeg/tiff/sys)
  map_type 0        // 0=planar, 1=spherical, 2=cylindrical, 5=torus
  interpolate 2     // 0=none, 1=linear, 2=bilinear, 4=normalized distance
  // once           // for no repetitive tiling
  // [use_color | use_index]
  bump_size 0.5     // 0...3
} // bump_map

// texture pigment {} attribute
// create a texture that lays an image's colors onto a surface
// image maps into X-Y plane from <0,0,0> to <1,1,0>
image_map {
  png plasma3.png // the file to read (iff/tga/gif/png/jpeg/tiff/sys)
  map_type 0        // 0=planar, 1=spherical, 2=cylindrical, 5=torus
  interpolate 2     // 0=none, 1=linear, 2=bilinear, 4=normalized distance
  // once           // for no repetitive tiling
  // [filter N V]   // N=all or color index # (0...N), V= value (0.0...1.0)
  // [transmit N V] // N=all or color index # (0...N), V= value (0.0...1.0)
  // [use_color | use_index]
} // image_map

// texture attribute
// create a texture that maps different textures onto different color indexes
// image maps into X-Y plane from <0,0,0> to <1,1,0>
material_map {
  png plasma3.png // the file to read (iff/tga/gif/png/jpeg/tiff/sys)
  map_type 0        // 0=planar, 1=spherical, 2=cylindrical, 5=torus
  interpolate 2     // 0=none, 1=linear, 2=bilinear, 4=normalized distance
  // once           // for no repetitive tiling
  texture { pigment {wood} }     // texture for color index # 0
  texture { pigment {granite} }  // texture for color index # 1
  texture { pigment {agate} }    // texture for color index # 2
  // etc...
} // material_map

// texture component
// create a tiled texture, alternates between 2 full textures
tiles {
  texture {   // full texture of tile #1
    pigment { agate scale 0.3 }
    finish { ambient 0.2 }
  }
  tile2
  texture {   // full texture of tile #2
    pigment { granite }
    finish { specular 0.3 reflection 0.2 }
  }
}

// texture pigment attribute
// RGB values can range from 0.0 (dark) to 1.0 (saturated)
  color red 0.5 green 0.5 blue 0.5 // filter 0.8
// (---alternative form---)
  //color rgb <0.5, 0.5, 0.5>
  //color rgbf <0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.8>

// texture pigment {} attribute
// create a smooth color gradation map
color_map {
  //  [ END_VAL color red R green G blue B filter F transmit T]
  [ 0.1  color red 0.0 green 0.0 blue 0.0]
  [ 0.3  color red 0.8 green 0.4 blue 0.2]
  [ 0.5  color red 0.0 green 0.0 blue 0.0]
  [ 0.7  color red 0.0 green 0.0 blue 0.8 filter 0.5]
  [ 1.0  color red 0.8 green 0.8 blue 0.8 filter 1.0]
  // (---alternative form---)
  //[ 1.0  color rgbf <0.8, 0.8, 0.8, 1.0> ]
} // color_map

// control an object's surface finish
  finish {
    ambient 0.1          // ambient surface reflection color [0.1]
    // (---diffuse lighting---)
    diffuse 0.6          // amount [0.6]
    brilliance 1.0       // tightness of diffuse illumination [1.0]
    // (---phong highlight---)
    //phong 0.5          // amount [0.0]
    //phong_size 40      // (1.0..250+) (dull->highly polished) [40]
    // (---specular highlight---)
    //specular 0.5       // amount [0.0]
    //roughness 0.05     // (~1.0..0.0005) (dull->highly polished) [0.05]
    // (---phong and specular---)
    //metallic [Amount]  // give highlight color of surface
    // (---reflection---)
    /*
    reflection {
      //0.0                      // minimal reflection value (for variable reflection)
      1.0                        // reflection amount (maximum for variable reflection)
      //fresnel on               // realistic variable reflection
      //falloff 1.0              // falloff exponent for variable reflection
      //exponent 1.0             // influence surface reflection characteristic
      //metallic 1.0             // tint reflection in surface color
    }*/
    //conserve_energy            // more realistic
    // (---others---)
    //crand 0.2                  // randomly speckle the surface [0.0]
    /*
    irid {               // Iridescence (Newton's thin film interference)
      0.25               // intensity
      //thickness 0.0    // film's thickness [0.0]
      //turbulence 0.3   // film's thickness turbulence
    }*/
  } // finish

// use this for example in a heightfield or an image_map
  function
  50, 50 {            // resolution of generated image
    pattern {         // user defined function
      agate
    }
  }

// with interior_texture you can give the interior surface
// of an object a different texture
object {
  sphere { 0, 1 }
  texture { pigment { color Red } }
  interior_texture { pigment { color Blue } }
}

// texture component
  normal {
    bumps 0.5         // any pattern optionally followed by an intensity value [0.5]
    //bump_size 2.0   // optional
    //accuracy 0.02   // changes the scale for normal calculation [0.02]
    //scale 0.3       // any transformations
  }

// texture component
  pigment {
    color rgb <0.7,0.5,0.3>     // solid color pigment
    /*
    agate                       // patterned pigment
    color_map {
      [0.0 color Green ]
      [1.0 color Blue ]
    } */
  }

// texture pigment attribute
quick_color green 1 // low-quality quick-render color

texture {
  pigment {          // (---surface color---)
    marble           // some pattern
    color_map {      // color map
      [0.1 color red 1]
      [0.5 color rgbf 1]
    }
    turbulence 0.5   // some turbulence
    scale <1,3,1>    // transformations
  }
  normal {           // (---surface bumpiness---)
    marble 0.3       // some pattern (and intensity)
    turbulence 0.5   // some turbulence
    scale <1,3,1>    // transformations
  }
  finish {           // (---surface finish---)
    ambient 0.2
    specular 0.6     // shiny
  }
}

// interpolate the triangle's texture between 3
// specified textures for the 3 vertices
mesh {
  triangle {
    <-1,  0, -1>, < 1,  0, -1>, < 0,  0,  1>    // vertices
    texture_list {
      Texture_01           // 3 previously declared textures
      Texture_02
      Texture_03
    }
  }
}

// sample for uv_mapping with a bicubic patch
// uv_mapping can also be used for:
// - mesh, mesh2
// - lathe
// - sor
// - sphere
// - box
bicubic_patch {
  type 0
  flatness 0.01
  u_steps 4
  v_steps 4
  <0, 0, 2>, <1, 0, 0>, <2, 0, 0>, <3, 0, -2>,
  <0, 1  0>, <1, 1, 0>, <2, 1, 0>, <3, 1,  0>,
  <0, 2, 0>, <1, 2, 0>, <2, 2, 0>, <3, 2,  0>,
  <0, 3, 2>, <1, 3, 0>, <2, 3, 0>, <3, 3, -2>

  uv_mapping

  texture {
    pigment {
      checker
      color Red
      color Blue
      scale 0.1
    }
    finish { specular 0.5 }
  }
}

Patterns 1 (a-m):

// pattern for use in texture/pigment/normal/density
  agate            // use an agate-like texture
  //agate 0.5      // for use with normal{} (0...1 or more)
  agate_turb 0.3   // can alter turbulence [1.0]

// average pattern averaging several pigments
// can also be used for texture_map, density_map, or normal_map
  pigment {
    average
    pigment_map {
      [1.0  Pigment_1]     // weighting 1.0
      [0.5  Pigment_2]     // weighting 0.5
    }
  }

// pattern for use in texture/pigment/normal/density
// originally designed for use with media density
boxed // box shaped gradient around origin

// pattern for use in texture/pigment/normal/density
  bozo              // very smooth, random noise function
  //bozo 0.5        // for use with normal{} (0...1 or more)
  //turbulence 0.3  // turbulence often useful

// solid pattern for use in texture/pigment/normal(/density)
  // brick pattern generates a brick wall like structure
  brick
  color Gray,          // color of mortar
  color Red            // color of brick
  brick_size <2,1,1>   // size of brick    (optional)
  mortar     0.2       // width of mortar  (optional)

// pattern for use in texture/pigment/normal/density
// bumps is identical to bozo when used in pigment/density
// especially suited for normal {}
bumps 0.5 // bumpy surface (0...1 or more)
//bumps // for use with pigment{}

// pattern for use in texture/pigment/normal/density
cells // random value cube cells
//cells 0.5 // for use with normal{} (0...1 or more)

// solid pattern for use in texture/pigment/normal(/density)
// cube checker pattern, alternates color1 and color2
  checker
    color rgb <1, 1, 1>,
    color rgb <0, 1, 0>

// pattern for use in texture/pigment/normal/density
   crackle          // crackled pattern
   //crackle 0.5    // for use with normal{} (0...1 or more)
   // (---additional parameters---)
   //form <-1,1,0>
   //metric 2
   //offset 0.0
   //solid

// pattern for use in texture/pigment/normal/density
// originally designed for use with media density
cylindrical // cylinder shaped gradient along the Y-axis

// pattern for use in texture/pigment/normal/density
  density_file df3 spiral.df3         // 3D raster file (df3) pattern
  //density_file df3 spiral.df3, 0.5  // for use with normal{} (0...1 or more)
  //interpolate 1                       // optional interpolation

// pattern for use in texture/pigment/normal/density
// especially suited for normal {}
dents 0.6 // dented surface (0...1 or more)
//dents // for use with pigment{}

// pattern for use in normal {}
// not usable in pigments
  facets          // generates facets on the surface
  coords 1.0      // for flat surfaces
  //size 1.0      // for curved surfaces

// pattern for use in texture/pigment/normal/density
// various types of fractals
  // (---mandelbrot---)
  mandel 50               // number of iterations
         //2,             // optional exponent (2..4) [2]
  // (---julia---)
  julia <0.5,0.8>,        // complex number (2d vector)
        50                // number of iterations
        //2,              // optional exponent (2..4) [2]
  // (---magnet mandel---)
  magnet 1                // type (1 or 2)
   mandel 50              // number of iterations
  // (---magnet julia---)
  magnet 1                // type (1 or 2)
   julia <0.5,0.8>,       // complex number (2d vector)
         50               // number of iterations

  //exterior 1, 1         // optional: special handling of exterior
  //interior 0, 1         // optional: special handling of interior

// pattern for use in texture/pigment/normal/density
// function pattern using a user defined function
  #declare fn_X = function(x,y,z) { z + x*x + y*y }  // parabolid function
  function { fn_X(x, y, z) }
  //function { fn_X(x, y, z) } 0.5  // for use with normal{} (0...1 or more)

// pattern for use in texture/pigment/normal/density
gradient y // specify gradient direction vector
//gradient y, 0.5 // for use with normal{} (0...1 or more)

// pattern for use in texture/pigment/normal/density
granite // create a granite-like texture
//granite 0.5 // for use with normal{} (0...1 or more)

// solid pattern for use in texture/pigment/normal(/density)
// create a hexagonal pattern texture with 3 colors
// hexagons are in the X-Z plane, extending infinitely in Y plane
  hexagon
    color blue 1,
    color red 1,
    color green 1

// pattern for use in texture/pigment/normal/density
// takes the color of an image file to calculate the pattern value
  image_pattern {
    png plasma3.png   // image file to read (iff/tga/gif/png/jpeg/tiff/sys)
    //use_color         // use pixel color gray scale (default)
    //use_alpha         // use alpha value
    //use_index         // use palette index
  }

// pattern for use in texture/pigment/normal/density
leopard // create a leopard spotted texture
//leopard 0.5 // for use with normal{} (0...1 or more)

// pattern for use in texture/pigment/normal/density
// similar to gradient, gives a nice marble with turbulence
  marble           // create a marble-like texture
  //marble 0.5     // for use with normal{} (0...1 or more)
  //turbulence 1.0 // should have some!

Patterns 2 (n-z):

// solid pattern for use in texture/pigment/normal(/density)
  object {        // create a solid pattern based on an object shape
    sphere { <0,0,0>, 1 }
    color rgb <1,0,0>,      // outside object
    color rgb <0,0,1>       // inside object
  }

// pattern for use in texture/pigment/normal/density
onion // create an onion-like concentric circle texture
//onion 0.5 // for use with normal{} (0...1 or more)

// pattern for use in texture/pigment/normal/density
// takes the color of an pigment to calculate the pattern value
   pigment_pattern {
     checker White, Black   // can use any pigment here
   }

// pattern for use in texture/pigment/normal/density
// originally designed for use with media density
planar // similar to gradient y, but only +/- 1 unit around origin

// pattern for use in texture/pigment/normal/density
// creates a pattern like a quilt
  quilted 0.4 // amount
  control0 -1 // lower curvature (-1...1)
  control1 1  // upper curvature (-1...1)

// pattern for use in texture/pigment/normal/density
// radially projected color_map in X-Z
  radial
  //radial 0.5     // for use with normal{} (0...1 or more)
  //frequency 4.0  // increases # of color spokes

// pattern for use in texture/pigment/normal/density
// especially suited for normal {}
ripples 0.5 // make surface ripply (0...1 or more)
//ripples // for use with pigment{}

// pattern for use in texture/pigment
// this pattern can only be used when applied to an object
// value is influenced by the slope of the object
  slope
    y,              // direction vector for slope
    //y,            // optional: dependency from altitude
    //<0.5,1.0>,    // optional: range of slope values
    //<0.75,1.0>    // optional: range of altitude values

// pattern for use in texture/pigment/normal/density
// originally designed for use with media density
spherical // spherical gradient around origin

// pattern for use in texture/pigment/normal/density
spiral1 5, // spiral that winds around the y-axis
//spiral1 5, 0.5 // for use with normal{} (0...1 or more)

// pattern for use in texture/pigment/normal/density
spiral2 5, // double spiral that winds around the y-axis
//spiral2 5, 0.5 // for use with normal{} (0...1 or more)

// pattern for use in texture/pigment/normal/density
// spotted is identical to bozo
spotted // create a spotted texture
//spotted 0.5 // for use with normal{} (0...1 or more)

// pattern for use in texture/pigment/normal/density
// especially suited for normal {}
waves 0.5 // create a wavy surface (0...1 or more)
//waves // for use with pigment{}

// pattern for use in texture/pigment/normal/density
// create a concentric cylindrical wood-like texture,
// grain along Z axis
  wood
  //wood 0.5         // for use with normal{} (0...1 or more)
  //turbulence 0.1   // should have some!

// pattern for use in texture/pigment/normal/density
// especially suited for normal {}
wrinkles 0.5 // create a wrinkly surface (0...1 or more)
//wrinkles // for use with pigment{}

Pattern-Texture attributes:

// you can specify a waveform if patterns are used with blend maps.
// Especially useful for normals
// Note most patterns have default waveform ramp_wave
  ramp_wave         // linear raising from 0 to 1 and returning abrupt return
  //triangle_wave   // linear upwards and downwards
  //sine_wave       // sine waveform
  //scallop_wave    // absolute value of sine wave
  //cubic_wave      // cubic curve from 0.0 to 1.0
  //poly_wave 0.5   // exponential function

// pigment/normal/density attribute
// oscillation frequency of radial, ripples, waves, etc
frequency 2.0

// pigment/normal/density attribute
// change the phase of ripples, etc.
// Animation note: As phase DECREASES, ripples move OUTWARD.
phase 0.5

// pattern modifier
// Takes a float or vector for selective turbulence in different directions
  turbulence <0, 1, 0.5> // how much to 'stir up' the texture (0...1 or more)
  // (---additional parameters influencing style of turbulence---)
  lambda 2.0      // (1.0...5.0) (smooth...random) [2.0]
  omega 0.5       // (0.0...2.0) (crinkly...fuzzy) [0.5]
  octaves 6       // number of folds in turbulence (1...10) [6]

// pattern modifier
  // (---turbulence warp---)
  // turbulates similar to 'turbulence'
  warp {
    turbulence 0.4*x     // amount of turbulence
    //octaves 2          // optional turbulence modifiers
  }

// pattern modifier
  // (---black_hole warp---)
  // local deformation of the pattern
  warp {
    black_hole <0.5, 0.5, 0>, 0.25   // position and radius
    //strength 3                     // strength of deformation
    //inverse                        // invert effect
    //repeat <1.5, 1, 0>             // repeat black hole
    //turbulence <0.1, 0.4, 0>       // turbulate repeat position
  }

// pattern modifier
  // (---repeat warp---)
  // repeats a section of the pattern
  warp {
    repeat x*2           // repeat direction
    //flip y             // flip when repeating
    //offset z*0.25      // translate when repeating
  }

// pattern modifier
  // (---cylindrical warp---)
  warp {
    cylindrical
    orientation z    // mapping orientation
    //dist_exp 0.0   // optional [0.0]
  }
  // (---spherical warp---)
  warp {
    spherical
    orientation z    // mapping orientation
    //dist_exp 0.0   // optional [0.0]
  }
  // (---toroidal warp---)
  warp {
    toroidal
    orientation z    // mapping orientation
    //dist_exp 0.0   // optional [0.0]
    major_radius 1   // major radius of torus
  }

// there are 3 available noise generators
// you can select one by adding this as a pattern modifier
  //noise_generator 1 // old 3.1g plateaud noise
  //noise_generator 2 // fixed version of 3.1 noise
  noise_generator 3   // New 3.5 perlin noise

Transformations:

// Matrix is an object transformation that does rotation about the Y axis,
// shear along the Y axis, and translation along the Y axis
matrix
<
  0.886, 0.5, 0.5,       // the first 3 lines form a rotation matrix
  0,     1,   0,         // since it is not orthogonal, shearing occurs
  0.5,   0,  -0.886,
  0,     1.5, 0          // the last 3 values contain the translation
>

// rotate shape or texture around <0 0 0>, relative to current orientation
// example: rotate 30*x
rotate <45, 45, 0> // <dX, dY, dZ> (in degrees)

// resize an object or texture relative to its current size
// example: scale 2.0
scale <1.0, 2.0, 1.0> // <dX, dY, dZ>

// object/texture/etc. transformation
// do a predeclared translate/rotate/scale combo
// e.g.:
#declare Leaf_Orientation =
transform {
  scale 4.0
  rotate 30*z
  translate 2*y
}

transform {
  Leaf_Orientation    // transform an object
  //scale 0.5
  //rotate 45*x
  //transform {...}   // optional further transforms
}

// Move object or texture relative to current position
// example: translate -5.0*z
translate <2.0, 4.0, -1.0> // <dX, dY, dZ>

POV-Ray Insert Menu

POV-Ray 3.6 Insert Menu

Scene templates:

Basic scene

Orthographic scene

Radiosity scene

Photons scene

Checkered floor

Image Map

Text Fonts

Headers:

Scene File Header

Standard includes

Additional includes

Include files:

'arrays.inc'

'colors.inc'

'consts.inc'

'finish.inc'

'functions.inc'

'glass.inc'

'math.inc'

'metals.inc'

'rand.inc'

'shapes.inc'

'shapes2.inc'

'skies.inc'

'stones.inc'

'strings.inc'

'transforms.inc'

'woods.inc'

Statements:

background

global_settings

adc_bailout

ambient_light

assumed_gamma

charset

hf_gray_16

irid_wavelength

max_intersections

max_trace_level

noise_generator

number_of_waves

Expressions:

Bounds extents

Built-in Ids

Conditional Expression

Float Functions

Logical Operators

Math Operators

Relational Operators

Strings

Vector Functions

Vector components

inside

rand

trace

Misc. Directives:

declare

default

if example

if

ifdef example

ifdef

local

macro

messages

switch example

switch

undef

version

while

Animation:

clock

additional animation variables

Colors:

rgb

rgbf